L3VLUP
Journeys

Journey · 11 steps · 10 sources

AI, from tokens to capital spending

Judging AI as an investment or as a tool starts with how a model actually reads text. This path goes from tokens and attention to evaluation, then to the shift in what the hardware runs, the single points of failure in the supply chain and the return the spending has to earn, and ends with what changes in the work itself.

  • Books
  • Lectures and talks
  • Letters
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    The other sideThe test the spending has to pass: the return on what is reinvested.

    Earnings growth is return on capital times reinvestment, which is the AI spending question

    Spending is only growth if the return on it exceeds the cost; estimate the return under several assumptions before admiring the spend.

    LetterHayden Capital's Q2 2026 letter, on the "SaaS-pocalypse" and returns on reinvestment· Fred Liu

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