The deal tape
A precedent transactions set answers one question: what did somebody actually pay for a company like this one. Every row here is a US public target that filed a merger proxy or a going-private statement since 2020, with the offer per share, the premium to the unaffected price and the enterprise value multiples read from the filing itself rather than bought from a feed. Choose a sector, an industry code and a size band, and the quartiles above the list are the answer for that cut.
What it is not. Private-company deals, non-US targets and any transaction where no proxy was required leave nothing to read, so none of them are here. Neither are minority stakes or asset sales. Where a cross-check failed, the row still appears and says why, and it is held out of every median and quartile so one bad reading cannot move a number you would quote.
82 deals in this cut, 40 of them safe to take a multiple from and 79 safe to take a premium from. Enterprise value is stated where a balance sheet and a share count could be read at the period end before announcement.
What this cut was bought at
Each measure counts the readings that survive its own cross-checks. Fewer than 4 is a coincidence, not a market.
| Measure | Deals | 25th | Median | 75th |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV / LTM EBITDA | 3 | Too thin to quote. Widen the cut. | ||
| EV / LTM revenue | 32 | 0.5x | 0.8x | 1.3x |
| Premium to unaffected price | 44 | 15% | 27% | 43% |
| Premium to 30-day VWAP | 4 | 15% | 32% | 48% |
Read the EBITDA multiple against the revenue multiple before you use either. Where they disagree sharply the target was priced on growth rather than earnings, and the EBITDA line is the one that will not survive a second question.
No cut here holds enough clean readings to quote.
| Target | Acquirer | Industry | EV | EV / EBITDA | EV / revenue | Premium | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brighthouse Financial, Inc. 2025-11-06 · Public merger · $70.00 a share | Aquarian Holdings VI L.P. Strategic | Financials | $551m | n.a. | 0.1x | 37% | DEFM14A All cash |
Proassurance Corp 2025-03-19 · Public merger · $25.00 a share | The Doctors Company Strategic | Financials | $1.6bn | n.a. | 1.4x | 59% | DEFM14A All cash |
ICC Holdings, Inc. 2024-06-08 · Public merger · $23.50 a share | Mutual Capital Holdings, Inc. Financial sponsor | Financials | $82m | n.a. | 0.9x | n.a. 48% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
National Western Life Group, Inc. 2023-10-08 · Public merger · $500.00 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | PGH Merger Inc. Unclassified | Financials | -$221m | n.a. | -0.3x | 87% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
American National Group Inc. 2023-07-04 · Public merger · $38.85 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | American Equity Investment Life Holding Company Financial sponsor | Financials | -$2.0bn | n.a. | -0.7x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Midwest Holding Inc. 2023-04-30 · Public merger · $27.00 a share | Midas Parent, LP, LLC Unclassified | Financials | -$69m | n.a. | -1.1x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Argo Group International Holdings, Inc. 2023-02-08 · Public merger · $30.00 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Brookfield Reinsurance Ltd. Strategic | Financials | $1.0bn | n.a. | 0.6x | 7% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Alleghany Corp /de 2022-03-20 · Public merger · $848.02 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Strategic | Financials | $13bn | n.a. | 3.5x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
National Security Group Inc 2022-01-26 · Public merger · $16.35 a share | VR Insurance Holdings, Inc. Strategic | Financials | $45m | n.a. | 0.7x | 77% | DEFM14A All cash |
Triple-S Management Corp 2021-08-23 · Public merger · $36.00 a share | GuideWell Mutual Holding Corporation Strategic | Financials | $778m | n.a. | 0.2x | 49% | DEFM14A All cash |
American National Group Inc 2021-08-06 · Public merger · $190.00 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Financials | $4.7bn | n.a. | 1.1x | 55% | DEFM14C All cash |
State Auto Financial CORP 2021-07-12 · Public merger · $52.00 a share Held out of the premiums: premium of 201%: distressed or misread | State Automobile Mutual Insurance Company Strategic | Financials | $2.2bn | n.a. | 1.3x | 201% | DEFM14A All cash |
Protective Insurance Corp 2021-03-26 (filed) · Public merger · $23.30 a share | The Progressive Corporation Strategic | Financials | $272m | n.a. | 0.6x | 43% 49% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
Athene Holding Ltd. 2021-03-08 · Public merger · $56.95 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Tango Holdings, Inc. Strategic | Financials | $5.0bn | n.a. | 0.3x | n.a. 17% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
ProSight Global, Inc. 2021-01-14 · Public merger · $12.85 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Financials | $549m | n.a. | 0.7x | n.a. | DEFM14C All cash |
Metromile, LLC 2020-11-24 · Public merger · $45.83 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Lemonade, Inc. Strategic | Financials | $5.9bn | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Sirius International Insurance Group, Ltd. 2020-08-06 · Public merger · $9.50 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Third Point Re Strategic | Financials | $1.6bn | n.a. | 0.9x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
National General Holdings Corp. 2020-07-07 · Public merger · $32.00 a share | The Allstate Corporation Strategic | Financials | $3.8bn | n.a. | 0.7x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
FGL Holdings 2020-02-07 · Public merger · $12.50 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Fidelity National Financial, Inc. Strategic | Financials | $2.3bn | n.a. | 1.1x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Emc Insurance Group Inc 2019-05-08 · Public merger · $36.00 a share Held out of the multiples: no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value | Employers Mutual Casualty Company Strategic | Financials | $780m | n.a. | 1.1x | 50% | DEFM14A All cash |
Wellcare Health Plans, Inc. 2019-03-26 · Public merger · $120.00 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Centene Corporation Strategic | Financials | $3.6bn | 4.2x | 0.2x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Aspen Insurance Holdings Ltd 2018-08-27 · Public merger · $42.75 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Highlands Holdings, Ltd. Strategic | Financials | $1.8bn | n.a. | 0.7x | 7% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Navigators Group Inc 2018-08-22 · Public merger · $70.00 a share | The Hartford Strategic | Financials | $1.9bn | n.a. | 1.4x | 7% | DEFM14A All cash |
Stewart Information Services Corp 2018-03-18 · Public merger · $50.00 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Fidelity National Financial, Inc. Strategic | Financials | $1.1bn | n.a. | 0.6x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Cigna Holding Co 2018-03-08 · Public merger · $48.75 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Express Scripts Strategic | Financials | $14bn | n.a. | 0.3x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
How to use a set like this
Cut to the narrowest set that still holds eight or ten deals, then quote the range rather than the median. An interviewer who asks where software takes out will accept a spread and press on a single number, because the single number implies a precision the set does not have. Say which deals sit at each end and why: the top of a range is usually a contested auction or a strategic buyer with synergies, the bottom a controlling holder buying in the minority.
Premiums move with the reference price, not only with the deal. A bidder quotes the period that flatters the offer, so read the premium to the unaffected close beside the premium to the thirty-day average and notice when they diverge.
What each column means
- Enterprise value.
- Offer per share times shares outstanding, plus net debt at the last balance sheet before the merger agreement. It is blank where either piece was missing, and those rows are in the “not computed” band rather than in a size they never earned.
- Premium.
- The offer against the unaffected price, which is the last close before the deal became known. Where the filing states a premium to the thirty-day volume-weighted average, that is shown next to it.
- Deal type.
- A take-private is bought by an affiliate, which is what triggers the Schedule 13E-3 and the fuller disclosure that comes with it. A public merger is an arm’s-length buyer, disclosed through the merger proxy.
- In doubt.
- A cross-check the reading could not satisfy: an equity value far from the fee-table figure, a multiple outside any sane band, or consideration that is partly stock so the per-share cash figure is not the price. The row stays visible, and it is set aside only for the measures the doubt reaches. A cash-and-stock deal cannot price a multiple and still states a premium the filing itself computed, so it counts in one and not the other.
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