The deal tape
A precedent transactions set answers one question: what did somebody actually pay for a company like this one. Every row here is a US public target that filed a merger proxy or a going-private statement since 2020, with the offer per share, the premium to the unaffected price and the enterprise value multiples read from the filing itself rather than bought from a feed. Choose a sector, an industry code and a size band, and the quartiles above the list are the answer for that cut.
What it is not. Private-company deals, non-US targets and any transaction where no proxy was required leave nothing to read, so none of them are here. Neither are minority stakes or asset sales. Where a cross-check failed, the row still appears and says why, and it is held out of every median and quartile so one bad reading cannot move a number you would quote.
119 deals in this cut, 73 of them safe to take a multiple from and 117 safe to take a premium from. Enterprise value is stated where a balance sheet and a share count could be read at the period end before announcement.
What this cut was bought at
Each measure counts the readings that survive its own cross-checks. Fewer than 4 is a coincidence, not a market.
| Measure | Deals | 25th | Median | 75th |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV / LTM EBITDA | 58 | 9.3x | 12.1x | 16.0x |
| EV / LTM revenue | 54 | 1.7x | 3.2x | 4.8x |
| Premium to unaffected price | 73 | 11% | 18% | 32% |
| Premium to 30-day VWAP | 26 | 11% | 20% | 38% |
Read the EBITDA multiple against the revenue multiple before you use either. Where they disagree sharply the target was priced on growth rather than earnings, and the EBITDA line is the one that will not survive a second question.
| Target | Acquirer | Industry | EV | EV / EBITDA | EV / revenue | Premium | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITC Holdings Corp. 2016-02-09 · Public merger · $22.57 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Utilities | $7.9bn | 11.3x | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Dominion Questar Corp 2016-01-31 · Public merger · $25.00 a share | Dominion Resources, Inc. Strategic | Utilities | $5.6bn | 9.3x | 4.9x | 23% | DEFM14A All cash |
Targa Resources Partners LP 2015-11-02 · Public merger · $1.26 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Targa Resources GP LLC Strategic | Utilities | $5.2bn | 4.8x | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Targa Resources Corp. 2015-11-02 · Public merger · $1.26 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Atlas Energy GP, LLC Strategic | Utilities | $5.9bn | 5.5x | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Piedmont Natural Gas Co Inc 2015-10-24 · Public merger · $60.00 a share | Forest Subsidiary, Inc. Strategic | Utilities | $6.2bn | 18.6x | 4.2x | 42% | DEFM14A All cash |
Williams Companies, Inc. 2015-09-28 · Public merger · $43.50 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Energy Transfer Corp LP Strategic | Utilities | $54bn | 17.7x | 7.0x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Teco Energy Inc 2015-09-04 · Public merger · $27.55 a share | Emera Inc. Strategic | Utilities | $10bn | 11.8x | 4.1x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Niska Gas Storage Partners LLC 2015-06-14 · Public merger · $4.22 a share | Niska Gas Storage Management LLC Financial sponsor | Utilities | $917m | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14C All cash |
Uil Holdings Corp 2015-02-25 · Public merger · $10.50 a share | Iberdrola USA Strategic | Utilities | $2.2bn | 5.5x | 1.4x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Cleco Corporate Holdings LLC 2014-10-17 · Public merger · $55.37 a share | Como 3 Inc. Strategic | Utilities | $4.7bn | 10.3x | 3.8x | 15% | DEFM14A All cash |
Targa Energy LP 2014-10-13 · Public merger · $9.12 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Targa Resources Corp. Strategic | Utilities | $3.7bn | 7.9x | 1.1x | n.a. 15% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Targa Resources Corp. 2014-10-13 · Public merger · $9.12 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Atlas Energy, L.P. Strategic | Utilities | $3.4bn | 3.6x | n.a. | n.a. 15% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Targa Pipeline Partners LP 2014-10-13 · Public merger · $1.26 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Targa Resources Corp. Strategic | Utilities | $1.9bn | n.a. | 0.7x | 15% 15% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners L P 2014-08-09 · Take-private · $10.77 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Plan of Merger Unclassified | Utilities | $25bn | 4.9x | 1.8x | 12% | SC 13E3 Includes stock |
El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. 2014-08-09 · Take-private · $4.65 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Plan of Merger Unclassified | Utilities | $9.5bn | 8.7x | 6.4x | 12% | SC 13E3 Includes stock |
El Paso Pipeline Partners, L.P. 2014-08-09 · Public merger · $4.65 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Plan of Merger Unclassified | Utilities | $9.5bn | 8.7x | 6.4x | 12% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners L P 2014-08-09 · Public merger · $10.77 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Plan of Merger Unclassified | Utilities | $25bn | 4.9x | 1.8x | 12% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Integrys Holding, Inc. 2014-06-22 · Public merger · $18.58 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Wisconsin Energy Corporation Strategic | Utilities | $4.5bn | 5.6x | 0.7x | 17% 8% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Sino Gas International Holdings, Inc. 2014-04-16 · Public merger · $1.30 a share Held out of the premiums: premium of 165%: distressed or misread | Diamond Infant Formula Holding Limited Strategic | Utilities | $117m | 8.2x | 1.7x | 165% | DEFM14A All cash |
Sino Gas International Holdings, Inc. 2014-04-03 · Take-private · $1.30 a share Held out of the premiums: premium of 165%: distressed or misread | Prosperity Gas Holdings Limited Strategic | Utilities | $117m | 8.2x | 1.7x | 165% | SC 13E3 All cash |
China Hydroelectric Corp 2014-01-13 · Take-private · $1.17 a share | CPT Wyndham Holdings Ltd. Strategic | Utilities | $426m | 9.3x | 5.7x | 6% 3% to VWAP | SC 13E3 All cash |
UNS Energy Corp 2013-12-11 · Public merger · $60.25 a share | FortisUS Inc. Strategic | Utilities | $3.9bn | 9.4x | 2.7x | 31% | DEFM14A All cash |
Pvr Partners, L. P. 2013-10-09 · Public merger · $28.67 a share | Pvr Gp, LLC Strategic | Utilities | $3.2bn | 10.5x | 2.9x | 26% | DEFM14A All cash |
Nv Energy, Inc. 2013-05-29 · Public merger · $23.75 a share | MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company Strategic | Utilities | $10bn | 8.8x | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Crestwood Midstream Partners LP 2013-05-05 · Public merger · $1.03 a share | Crestwood Gas Services GP LLC Strategic | Utilities | $783m | 6.6x | 3.4x | 10% | DEFM14A All cash |
How to use a set like this
Cut to the narrowest set that still holds eight or ten deals, then quote the range rather than the median. An interviewer who asks where software takes out will accept a spread and press on a single number, because the single number implies a precision the set does not have. Say which deals sit at each end and why: the top of a range is usually a contested auction or a strategic buyer with synergies, the bottom a controlling holder buying in the minority.
Premiums move with the reference price, not only with the deal. A bidder quotes the period that flatters the offer, so read the premium to the unaffected close beside the premium to the thirty-day average and notice when they diverge.
What each column means
- Enterprise value.
- Offer per share times shares outstanding, plus net debt at the last balance sheet before the merger agreement. It is blank where either piece was missing, and those rows are in the “not computed” band rather than in a size they never earned.
- Premium.
- The offer against the unaffected price, which is the last close before the deal became known. Where the filing states a premium to the thirty-day volume-weighted average, that is shown next to it.
- Deal type.
- A take-private is bought by an affiliate, which is what triggers the Schedule 13E-3 and the fuller disclosure that comes with it. A public merger is an arm’s-length buyer, disclosed through the merger proxy.
- In doubt.
- A cross-check the reading could not satisfy: an equity value far from the fee-table figure, a multiple outside any sane band, or consideration that is partly stock so the per-share cash figure is not the price. The row stays visible, and it is set aside only for the measures the doubt reaches. A cash-and-stock deal cannot price a multiple and still states a premium the filing itself computed, so it counts in one and not the other.
Company names, tickers and logos are the trademarks of their respective owners and appear here to identify the company whose public figures are being used. L3VLUP is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by any company shown, and nothing here is a statement by or about that company. More