The deal tape
A precedent transactions set answers one question: what did somebody actually pay for a company like this one. Every row here is a US public target that filed a merger proxy or a going-private statement since 2020, with the offer per share, the premium to the unaffected price and the enterprise value multiples read from the filing itself rather than bought from a feed. Choose a sector, an industry code and a size band, and the quartiles above the list are the answer for that cut.
What it is not. Private-company deals, non-US targets and any transaction where no proxy was required leave nothing to read, so none of them are here. Neither are minority stakes or asset sales. Where a cross-check failed, the row still appears and says why, and it is held out of every median and quartile so one bad reading cannot move a number you would quote.
106 deals in this cut, 55 of them safe to take a multiple from and 105 safe to take a premium from. Enterprise value is stated where a balance sheet and a share count could be read at the period end before announcement.
What this cut was bought at
Each measure counts the readings that survive its own cross-checks. Fewer than 4 is a coincidence, not a market.
| Measure | Deals | 25th | Median | 75th |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV / LTM EBITDA | 31 | 5.4x | 9.5x | 13.9x |
| EV / LTM revenue | 36 | 0.4x | 1.1x | 1.4x |
| Premium to unaffected price | 50 | 20% | 30% | 43% |
| Premium to 30-day VWAP | 12 | 22% | 31% | 40% |
Read the EBITDA multiple against the revenue multiple before you use either. Where they disagree sharply the target was priced on growth rather than earnings, and the EBITDA line is the one that will not survive a second question.
| Target | Acquirer | Industry | EV | EV / EBITDA | EV / revenue | Premium | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Champion Homes, Inc. 2018-04-25 (filed) · Public merger · $12.22 a share Held out of the multiples: EV / LTM EBITDA 0.8x outside 1x to 75x | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $48m | 0.8x | 0.1x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
eHi Car Services Ltd 2018-03-09 (filed) · Take-private · $6.67 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $1.7bn | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | SC 13E3 All cash |
Ply Gem Holdings Inc 2018-01-31 · Public merger · $21.64 a share | Pisces Midco, Inc. Unclassified | Other | $2.2bn | 9.8x | n.a. | 20% | DEFM14C All cash |
CalAtlantic Group, LLC 2017-10-29 · Public merger · $48.26 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Lennar Corporation Strategic | Other | $5.2bn | n.a. | 0.8x | 12% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Lennar Corp /New/ 2017-10-29 · Public merger · $48.26 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Cheetah Cub Group Corp. Strategic | Other | $4.8bn | 3.1x | 0.4x | 12% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Deltic Timber Corp 2017-10-22 · Public merger · $81.00 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $1.2bn | 25.7x | 5.3x | n.a. 10% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Entertainment Gaming Asia Inc. 2017-05-05 (filed) · Take-private · $2.35 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $2m | n.a. | n.a. | 42% | SC 13E3 All cash |
UCP, Inc. 2017-04-10 · Public merger · $5.32 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $170m | 13.2x | n.a. | 22% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Advanced Environmental Recycling Technologies Inc 2017-03-16 · Public merger · $0.14 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $50m | 4.4x | 0.6x | n.a. | DEFM14C Includes stock |
Vca Inc 2017-01-07 · Public merger · $93.00 a share | MMI Holdings, Inc. Strategic | Other | $8.8bn | 18.0x | 3.5x | 31% 41% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
Lime Energy Co. 2016-10-07 (filed) · Take-private · $2.49 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $23m | n.a. | 0.2x | 77% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Wci, LLC 2016-09-22 · Public merger · $23.50 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Corporate Sub Strategic | Other | $786m | n.a. | 1.3x | 20% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
American Capital, Ltd 2016-05-23 · Public merger · $6.41 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price; no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value | Ares Capital Corporation Financial sponsor | Other | $2.0bn | n.a. | n.a. | 11% 10% to VWAP | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Virgin America Inc. 2016-04-01 · Public merger · $57.00 a share | Alaska Air Group, Inc. Strategic | Other | $2.1bn | 9.5x | 1.3x | 47% | DEFM14A All cash |
Furmanite Corp 2015-11-01 · Public merger · $8.25 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | TFA, Inc. Strategic | Other | $334m | 10.6x | 0.8x | 8% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
China Housing & Land Development, Inc. 2015-10-05 (filed) · Take-private · $3.00 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $5m | n.a. | 0.0x | n.a. 54% to VWAP | SC 13E3 All cash |
Mcg Capital Corp 2015-04-28 · Public merger · $0.23 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price; no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value | PFLT Panama, LLC Strategic | Other | $3m | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. 2015-01-13 (filed) · Take-private · $24.25 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $959m | n.a. | n.a. | 28% 25% to VWAP | SC 13E3 All cash |
Alico, Inc. 2014-12-02 · Public merger · $36.85 a share | 734 Sub, LLC Strategic | Other | $274m | 17.5x | 3.1x | n.a. | DEFM14C All cash |
China Housing & Land Development, Inc. 2014-08-26 (filed) · Take-private · $1.75 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $31m | n.a. | 0.2x | n.a. | SC 13E3 All cash |
Pike Corp 2014-08-04 · Public merger · $12.00 a share | Pioneer Parent, Inc. Unclassified | Other | $382m | 5.4x | n.a. | 51% 40% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
Pike Corp 2014-08-04 · Take-private · $12.00 a share | Pioneer Parent, Inc. Unclassified | Other | $382m | 5.4x | n.a. | 51% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Le Gaga Holdings Ltd 2014-07-30 · Take-private · $0.08 a share Held out of the multiples: no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $179m | n.a. | n.a. | 22% 13% to VWAP | SC 13E3 All cash |
International Game Technology 2014-07-15 · Public merger · $13.69 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | GTECH S.p.A. Strategic | Other | $5.1bn | 8.4x | 2.4x | n.a. | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Asia Green Agriculture Corp 2014-06-25 (filed) · Take-private · $0.60 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Other | $40m | 1.1x | 0.3x | 30% 31% to VWAP | SC 13E3 All cash |
How to use a set like this
Cut to the narrowest set that still holds eight or ten deals, then quote the range rather than the median. An interviewer who asks where software takes out will accept a spread and press on a single number, because the single number implies a precision the set does not have. Say which deals sit at each end and why: the top of a range is usually a contested auction or a strategic buyer with synergies, the bottom a controlling holder buying in the minority.
Premiums move with the reference price, not only with the deal. A bidder quotes the period that flatters the offer, so read the premium to the unaffected close beside the premium to the thirty-day average and notice when they diverge.
What each column means
- Enterprise value.
- Offer per share times shares outstanding, plus net debt at the last balance sheet before the merger agreement. It is blank where either piece was missing, and those rows are in the “not computed” band rather than in a size they never earned.
- Premium.
- The offer against the unaffected price, which is the last close before the deal became known. Where the filing states a premium to the thirty-day volume-weighted average, that is shown next to it.
- Deal type.
- A take-private is bought by an affiliate, which is what triggers the Schedule 13E-3 and the fuller disclosure that comes with it. A public merger is an arm’s-length buyer, disclosed through the merger proxy.
- In doubt.
- A cross-check the reading could not satisfy: an equity value far from the fee-table figure, a multiple outside any sane band, or consideration that is partly stock so the per-share cash figure is not the price. The row stays visible, and it is set aside only for the measures the doubt reaches. A cash-and-stock deal cannot price a multiple and still states a premium the filing itself computed, so it counts in one and not the other.
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