The deal tape
A precedent transactions set answers one question: what did somebody actually pay for a company like this one. Every row here is a US public target that filed a merger proxy or a going-private statement since 2020, with the offer per share, the premium to the unaffected price and the enterprise value multiples read from the filing itself rather than bought from a feed. Choose a sector, an industry code and a size band, and the quartiles above the list are the answer for that cut.
What it is not. Private-company deals, non-US targets and any transaction where no proxy was required leave nothing to read, so none of them are here. Neither are minority stakes or asset sales. Where a cross-check failed, the row still appears and says why, and it is held out of every median and quartile so one bad reading cannot move a number you would quote.
303 deals in this cut, 203 of them safe to take a multiple from and 298 safe to take a premium from. Enterprise value is stated where a balance sheet and a share count could be read at the period end before announcement.
What this cut was bought at
Each measure counts the readings that survive its own cross-checks. Fewer than 4 is a coincidence, not a market.
| Measure | Deals | 25th | Median | 75th |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV / LTM EBITDA | 141 | 7.3x | 10.3x | 14.8x |
| EV / LTM revenue | 162 | 0.4x | 1.0x | 1.7x |
| Premium to unaffected price | 167 | 20% | 31% | 51% |
| Premium to 30-day VWAP | 35 | 12% | 30% | 43% |
Read the EBITDA multiple against the revenue multiple before you use either. Where they disagree sharply the target was priced on growth rather than earnings, and the EBITDA line is the one that will not survive a second question.
| Target | Acquirer | Industry | EV | EV / EBITDA | EV / revenue | Premium | Filing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TravelCenters of America Inc. /MD/ 2023-02-15 · Public merger · $86.00 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $1.4bn | 3.8x | 0.1x | 74% | DEFM14A All cash |
Acreage Holdings, Inc. 2023-02-14 (filed) · Public merger · $1.00 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $303m | n.a. | 1.3x | n.a. 17% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
IAA, Inc. 2023-01-22 · Public merger · $12.80 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Ritchie Bros. Holdings, Inc. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $2.6bn | 5.0x | 1.3x | 16% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Albertsons Companies, Inc. 2022-10-13 · Public merger · $34.10 a share | The Kroger Co. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $23bn | 5.3x | 0.3x | 33% 30% to VWAP | DEFM14C All cash |
Industrias Bachoco S.A.B. de C.V. 2022-10-06 (filed) · Take-private · $81.66 a share Held out of the multiples: no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value; equity value 48,996 vs fee-table value 649 | Not named in the filing Controlling holder | Consumer & Retail | $49bn | n.a. | n.a. | 23% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Poshmark, Inc. 2022-10-03 · Public merger · $17.90 a share | Proton Parent Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $389m | n.a. | 1.1x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Constellation Brands, Inc. 2022-08-01 (filed) · Take-private · $64.64 a share Board book on file → | A&z 2015 Business Holdings LP Financial sponsor | Consumer & Retail | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | SC 13E3 All cash |
LAIX Inc. 2022-06-16 · Take-private · $1.90 a share Board book on file → | Best Venture Technology LTD Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $84m | 9.6x | 0.8x | 57% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Covetrus, Inc. 2022-05-24 · Take-private · $21.00 a share Board book on file → | CD&R Corgi Holdings, L.P. Financial sponsor | Consumer & Retail | $3.9bn | 25.1x | 0.8x | 38% 39% to VWAP | SC 13E3 All cash |
Stonemor Inc. 2022-05-24 · Take-private · $3.50 a share Held out of the multiples: EV / LTM EBITDA 133.5x outside 1x to 75x Board book on file → | Axar Capital Management, LP Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $734m | 133.5x | 2.3x | 54% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Hailiang Education Group Inc. 2022-05-07 · Take-private · $0.89 a share Held out of the multiples: no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value Board book on file → | Brilliant One Development LTD Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $369m | n.a. | n.a. | 25% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Del Taco Restaurants, Inc. 2021-12-05 · Public merger · $12.51 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Jack in the Box Inc. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $558m | 10.3x | 1.1x | 66% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Casper Sleep Inc. 2021-11-14 · Public merger · $6.90 a share | Marlin Parent, Inc. Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $310m | n.a. | 0.5x | 94% | DEFM14A All cash |
Sanderson Farms Inc 2021-08-08 · Public merger · $203.00 a share | Walnut Sycamore Holdings LLC Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $4.3bn | 7.6x | 1.0x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Gp Strategies Corp 2021-07-15 · Public merger · $20.85 a share | Learning Technologies Group plc Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $357m | 13.3x | 0.7x | 32% | DEFM14A All cash |
J. Alexander's Holdings, Inc. 2021-07-02 · Public merger · $14.00 a share | SPB Hospitality LLC Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $210m | n.a. | 1.1x | 78% | DEFM14A All cash |
All In FutureTech Alliance, Inc. 2021-06-01 (filed) · Public merger · $1.96 a share | Not named in the filing Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $66m | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Bowl America Inc 2021-05-27 · Public merger · $8.53 a share | Bowlero Corp. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $12m | n.a. | 1.4x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Tarena International, Inc. 2021-04-30 · Take-private · $4.00 a share Held out of the multiples: equity value 6 vs fee-table value 129 Board book on file → | Ascendent Capital Partners III, L.P. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | -$49m | n.a. | -0.2x | 27% | SC 13E3 All cash |
Knoll Inc 2021-04-19 · Public merger · $11.00 a share Held out of the multiples: consideration includes stock: the cash figure is not the price | Herman Miller, Inc. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $832m | 13.6x | 0.7x | 46% | DEFM14A Includes stock |
Reservoir Media, Inc. 2021-04-14 · Public merger · $10.00 a share | Roth CH Acquisition II Co. Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $248m | 7.7x | 3.1x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
ESH Hospitality, Inc. 2021-03-14 · Public merger · $19.50 a share Held out of the multiples: no balance sheet at announcement: EV = equity value | Eagle Parent Holdings L.P. Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $3.5bn | n.a. | n.a. | 15% 4% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
Extended Stay America, Inc. 2021-03-14 · Public merger · $19.50 a share | Eagle Parent Holdings L.P. Unclassified | Consumer & Retail | $5.8bn | 14.2x | 5.5x | 15% 4% to VWAP | DEFM14A All cash |
Apex Global Brands Inc. 2021-02-16 · Public merger · $2.00 a share | Galaxy Universal LLC Strategic | Consumer & Retail | $61m | n.a. | 3.4x | n.a. | DEFM14A All cash |
Ruhnn Holding Ltd 2021-02-03 · Take-private · $3.50 a share Held out of the multiples: equity value 1,446 vs fee-table value 71 Board book on file → | Beijing Junlian Yitong Equity Investment Partnership (Limited Partnership) Financial sponsor | Consumer & Retail | $1.3bn | n.a. | 7.3x | 14% | SC 13E3 All cash |
How to use a set like this
Cut to the narrowest set that still holds eight or ten deals, then quote the range rather than the median. An interviewer who asks where software takes out will accept a spread and press on a single number, because the single number implies a precision the set does not have. Say which deals sit at each end and why: the top of a range is usually a contested auction or a strategic buyer with synergies, the bottom a controlling holder buying in the minority.
Premiums move with the reference price, not only with the deal. A bidder quotes the period that flatters the offer, so read the premium to the unaffected close beside the premium to the thirty-day average and notice when they diverge.
What each column means
- Enterprise value.
- Offer per share times shares outstanding, plus net debt at the last balance sheet before the merger agreement. It is blank where either piece was missing, and those rows are in the “not computed” band rather than in a size they never earned.
- Premium.
- The offer against the unaffected price, which is the last close before the deal became known. Where the filing states a premium to the thirty-day volume-weighted average, that is shown next to it.
- Deal type.
- A take-private is bought by an affiliate, which is what triggers the Schedule 13E-3 and the fuller disclosure that comes with it. A public merger is an arm’s-length buyer, disclosed through the merger proxy.
- In doubt.
- A cross-check the reading could not satisfy: an equity value far from the fee-table figure, a multiple outside any sane band, or consideration that is partly stock so the per-share cash figure is not the price. The row stays visible, and it is set aside only for the measures the doubt reaches. A cash-and-stock deal cannot price a multiple and still states a premium the filing itself computed, so it counts in one and not the other.
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