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Concepts

Tokens

A model never sees words, only tokens, which is why it miscounts letters, why context has a size and why usage is billed as it is.

3 ideas that carry it

  • FrameworkArtificial intelligenceVideo located

    A model never sees words, only tokens, which explains most of its odd behaviour

    Reason about a model in tokens: that is what it reads, what fills its window and what you pay for.

    Explaining how a language model works, estimating the cost of an AI feature, and debugging a model that fails at a character-level task.

    From Most Devs Don’t Understand How LLM Tokens Work · Matt Pocock

  • Company insightArtificial intelligenceLetter located

    Inference has overtaken training, and the flywheel runs on tokens

    A compute vendor's case is a flywheel from agents to tokens to compute; the buyer's case is the return on that compute, and both have to be read together.

    Semiconductor and data-centre coverage, technology investing, and any debate about AI capital spending.

    From NVIDIA's fiscal 2026 letter from Jensen Huang · Jensen Huang